Medicinal plants and their importance for the conservation of biocultural knowledge in primary school students of the Paniquita Indigenous Community (Rivera, Huila, Colombia) / Plantas medicinales y su importancia para la conservación del conocimiento biocultural en estudiantes de primaria de la Comunidad Indígena Paniquita (Rivera, Huila, Colombia)

Ethnobotany approached through ethnoeducation allows for the preservation of the cultural heritage of indigenous communities. In this way, the ethnobotanical knowledge of primary school students from the Paniquita Indigenous Community was recognized, regarding the cultural knowledge of medicinal plants and their significance in the conservation of the biocultural heritage. This research had a qualitative, ethnographic approach. The sample consisted of ten students who were part of a focus group, ethnobotanical walks, and participatory workshops with drawings since they stimulate students' creative and dynamic thinking and strengthen interculturality. Twenty-one plants were reported, which are used to relieve sore throats, headaches, and stomach aches, as well as to treat diarrhea and fever, to prevent flu, and as a purgative. All the medicinal plants mentioned grow in the community and are either cultivated or wild, which also shows the students' knowledge of the ir territory. These findings reflect the importance of ethno-education and ethnobotany at school and how historical reconstruction processes are generated from these settings, where indigenous ancestral knowledge is made visible.

La etnobotánica abordada desde la etnoeducación permite mantener el legado cultural de los pueblos originarios. De esta manera, se reconoció el conocimiento etnobotáni co de los estudiantes de primaria de la Comunidad Indígena Paniquita, sobre el conocimiento cultural de las plantas medicinales y su importancia para la conservación del patrimonio biocultural. La investigación tuvo un enfoque cualitativo y etnográfico. La muestra estuvo conformada por diez estudiantes que formaron parte de un grupo focal, caminatas etnobotánicas y talleres participativos con dibujos, ya que estimulan el pensamiento creativo y dinámico de los estudiantes y fortalecen la interculturalidad. Se reportaron 21 plantas que se utilizan para aliviar dolores de garganta, cabeza y estómago, así como para tratar la diarrea y la fiebre, para prevenir la gripe y como purgante. Todas las plantas medicinales mencionadas crecen en la comunidad y son cultivadas o silvestres, lo que también demuestra el conocimiento que los estudiantes tienen de su territorio. Estos hallazgos reflejan la importancia de la etnoeducación y la etnobotánica en la escuela y cómo se generan procesos de reconstrucción histórica desde estos escenarios, donde se visibiliza el conocimiento ancestral indígena.

Competencias interculturales desde un enfoque ético intercultural en la formación inicial de profesionales en ciencias de la salud. un desafío ineludible

Chile es un país culturalmente diverso cuya población debe enfrentar dificultades relacionadas con la salud. Este ensayo tiene por objetivo reflexionar en torno a las competencias interculturales desde un enfoque ético intercultural, en la formación inicial de profesionales en ciencias de la salud. Se constata una salud carente y descontextualizada de la realidad cultural en la formación inicial en ciencias de la salud. Para evolucionar en esta área, se requiere imperiosamente formar a los profesionales en competencias interculturales desde un enfoque ético intercultural. Ello contribuirá al reconocimiento y comprensión de la otredad desde su propia cultura, a partir de la relación e intercambio de experiencias, conocimientos, saberes, entre otros. Para ello se requiere del diálogo intercultural entre profesionales y expertos pertenecientes a distintos sistemas de salud, con el fin de coconstruir desde la salud y enfermedad, para responder de forma oportuna y adecuada a las demandas de salud, y brindar un cuidado en salud digno y de calidad. En efecto, mitigará las desigualdades e injusticias, a la vez que proporcionará una vida más plena a las personas que conviven en una sociedad culturalmente diversa.

Chile is a culturally diverse country, and this population must face difficulties related to health. This essay aims to reflect on intercultural competencies from an intercultural ethical approach, in the initial training of professionals in health sciences. The initial training in health sciences shows that health is lacking and decontextualized from the cultural reality. In order to evolve in this area, it is imperative to train professionals in intercultural competencies from an intercultural ethical approach. This will contribute to the recognition and understanding of otherness from their own culture, based on the relationship and exchange of experiences, knowledge, wisdom, among others. This requires intercultural dialogue between professionals and experts belonging to different health systems, in order to co-construct from health and disease. This will allow a timely and adequate response to health demands. It will also provide quality and dignified health care and attention. In effect, it will mitigate inequalities and injustices, while providing a fuller life to people living in a culturally diverse society.

O Chile é um país culturalmente diverso, essa população deve enfrentar dificuldades relacionadas à saúde. Este ensaio tem como objetivo refletir sobre as competências interculturais a partir de uma abordagem ética intercultural, na formação inicial de profissionais em ciências da saúde. A saúde carente e descontextualizada da realidade cultural é verificada na formação inicial em ciências da saúde. Para evoluir nesta área, é imperativo formar profissionais em competências interculturais a partir de uma abordagem ética intercultural. Isso contribuirá para o reconhecimento e compreensão da alteridade a partir da própria cultura, do relacionamento e troca de experiências, saberes, saberes, entre outros. Para isso, é necessário o diálogo intercultural entre profissionais e especialistas pertencentes a diferentes sistemas de saúde; a fim de co-construir a partir da saúde e da doença. Isso permitirá uma resposta oportuna e adequada às demandas de saúde. Da mesma forma, prestará cuidados e atenção à saúde dignos e de qualidade. Com efeito, atenuará as desigualdades e as injustiças, ao mesmo tempo que proporcionará uma vida mais plena às pessoas que vivem numa sociedade culturalmente diversa.

Validation of an Abbreviated Scale of the CENVI Questionnaire to Evaluate the Perception of School Violence and Coexistence Management of Chilean Students: Differences between Pandemic and Post-Pandemic.

The objective of the study was to specify an abbreviated model of the school coexistence questionnaire for non-violence (CENVI) for students from 5th to 8th grade (9 to 14 years old), in order to determine the perception of violence and management of school coexistence, and the differences between Mapuche and non-Mapuche students. A total of 1870 students from schools in the city of Temuco (Chile) responded to the CENVI questionnaire. There were two samples: (1) Pandemic, with online, face-to-face and hybrid classes; and (2) Post-pandemic, with face-to-face classes. Sample 1 consisted of 848 students aged 9 to 15 years (M = 11.90; SD = 1.27). Sample 2 consisted of 1022 students aged 9 to 14 years (M = 11.46; SD = 1.14). The questionnaire was validated using expert inter-judgment and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. A good fit of the proposed model to the data and good internal consistency measured according to the composite reliability were found, and convergent validity was demonstrated. Mapuche students perceived more physical violence and social exclusion. Cut-off points were proposed for the interpretation of the results. In the data, the effect of Coexistence Management on School Violence was null. The discussion approaches the findings from the literature on education in spaces of socio-cultural diversity in a Mapuche context.

Representaciones sociales de estudiantes y profesores de Educación Física sobre la educación intercultural en Chile

El objeto de representación es motivo del desafío que existe por la reivindicación y reconocimiento de las características socioculturales en el sistema educativo, que históricamente ha sido invisibilizado por un sistema caracterizado por sus prácticas monoculturales. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar los significados sobre la educación intercultural en Chile según las representaciones sociales de estudiantes y profesores de educación física. El método consistió en un enfoque mixto, con un diseño de estudio de casos múltiples, no experimental y transversal. Los participantes estuvieron compuestos por estudiantes y profesores de Pedagogía en Educación Física. Los resultados indican que, a pesar de que existe un porcentaje considerable de participantes que tiene experiencia laboral como profesores en contextos rurales con altos porcentajes de estudiantes indígenas, existe la necesidad de que las instituciones de educación superior formen a sus estudiantes para desenvolverse de la mejor manera en contextos rurales e indígenas. Se concluyó que, existe el desafío de que las instituciones universitarias que se sitúan en contextos de mayor prevalencia de personas indígenas descontinúen el discurso y episteme monocultural eurocéntrica, rescatando las epistemologías indígenas, para integrarlas al currículum y a los procesos de formación inicial docente. Lo anterior, con la finalidad de desarrollar un genuino diálogo de saberes desde la formación inicial docente hacia las prácticas pedagógicas de los profesores.

Representation is important for the vindication and recognition of socio-cultural characteristics in the educational system, which, historically, has been made invisible by a system characterized by its monocultural practices. The aim of this research was to analyze the meanings of intercultural education in Chile according to the social representations of physical education students and teachers. The method consisted of a mixed approach, with a non-experimental and cross-sectional multiple case study design. Participants were students and teachers in Physical Education Pedagogy. The results indicate that although there is a considerable percentage of participants who have work experience as teachers in rural contexts with high percentages of indigenous students, there is a need for higher education institutions to train their students to perform at their best in rural and indigenous contexts. It was concluded that there is a challenge for university institutions located in contexts with a higher prevalence of indigenous people to discontinue the Eurocentric monocultural discourse and episteme, rescuing indigenous epistemologies to integrate them into the curriculum and initial teacher training processes. The above, with the aim of developing a genuine dialogue of knowledge from initial teacher training to the pedagogical practices of teachers.

O objecto de representação é uma razão para o desafio que existe para a reivindicação e reconhecimento das características socioculturais no sistema educativo, que historicamente tem sido invisibilizado por um sistema caracterizado pelas suas práticas monoculturais. O objectivo da investigação era analisar os significados da educação intercultural no Chile de acordo com as representações sociais dos estudantes e professores de educação física. O método consistia numa abordagem mista, com uma concepção de estudo de casos múltiplos, não experimental e transversal. Os participantes eram compostos por estudantes e professores de Pedagogia da Educação Física. Os resultados indicam que embora exista uma percentagem considerável de participantes que têm experiência de trabalho como professores em contextos rurais com elevadas percentagens de estudantes indígenas, existe a necessidade de as instituições de ensino superior formarem os seus estudantes para terem o melhor desempenho possível em contextos rurais e indígenas. Concluiu-se que existe um desafio para as instituições universitárias localizadas em contextos com maior prevalência de povos indígenas, no sentido de descontinuar o discurso e episteme monocultural eurocêntrico, resgatando as epistemologias indígenas de modo a integrá-las no currículo e nos processos de formação inicial de professores. O acima exposto, com o objectivo de desenvolver um verdadeiro diálogo de conhecimentos desde a formação inicial de professores até às práticas pedagógicas dos professores.

Developing intercultural competence through a cultural metacognition-featured instructional design in English as a foreign language classrooms.

The soaring demand for intercultural competence (IC) in the globalized world has made it a key concern in foreign language education. Most existing training on IC has often focused on providing immersive intercultural experiences, equipping learners with cultural knowledge, and simulating intercultural situations. However, some of these approaches may not be feasible in English as a foreign language (EFL) classrooms, nor are they effective to prepare learners to cope with the complexities and uncertainties in novel intercultural situations unless there specifically involves higher-order thinking. Thus, this study took a perspective of cultural metacognition and examined whether and how could an instructional design that highlighted cultural metacognition facilitate learners' IC development in an EFL classroom at the tertiary level in Chinese mainland. Fifty-eight undergraduate students enrolled in an English Listening, Viewing, and Speaking course were involved in the instruction, and questionnaires and focus groups were employed for the data collection. A paired sample t-test revealed that there was a significant enhancement in students' intercultural competence in terms of affective, metacognitive, and behavioral dimensions, but not in the knowledge dimension. Thematic analysis indicated that the instructional design was effective in supporting students' intentional knowledge acquiring, developing positive intercultural attitudes, and promoting the translation of cognition into actions. The findings thus confirmed that the instructional design featuring cultural metacognition can be used in domestic EFL contexts, such as College English classrooms at the tertiary level in Chinese mainland, as an effective way of enhancing learners' IC. This study also offered additional evidence of how students' IC development was achieved through a range of metacognitive processes, which may provide implications for teachers to design their IC instructions in similar EFL educational settings.

Review of studies applying Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory in international and intercultural education research.

The Russian-born American psychologist Bronfenbrenner's bioecological perspective on human development is an ideal framework for understanding how individuals negotiate the dynamic environment and their own identities in international and intercultural education settings. However, a review of the current literature shows that most studies either adopted the earlier version of the theory (i.e., the ecological systems theory) or inadequately presented the most recent developments of the bioecological model (i.e., the process-person-context-time model). The construct of proximal processes-the primary mechanisms producing human development according to Bronfenbrenner-has seldom been explored in depth, which means the true value of bioecological theory is largely underrepresented in international and intercultural education research. This article first presents a review of studies that adopt Bronfenbrenner's theory and then offers future directions for the scope and design of international and intercultural education research.

[Public policies for an intercultural approach to the health of Pu Mapuce Zomo]. / Políticas públicas para un abordaje intercultural de la salud de las Pu Mapuce Zomo.

This article will address the considerations that must be examined in the design of public policies and government programs to achieve an intercultural approach to the health of the Pu Mapuce Zomo (Mapuce women). In this sense, the proposed objective is to formulate three essential aspects that serve as a basis to promote adequate frameworks for public health policies oriented towards an intercultural approach. For this, methodologically, from a qualitative approach, the ethical, gender(s) and epistemic aspects that must be considered in the configuration of health programs that favor the health care of indigenous women will be investigated. With this purpose, it begins by delimiting the unavoidable ethical-normative and gender approach to highlight the basic needs of Mapuce women. This approach seeks to establish a parameter about the obligations that States have in relation to the development of human capabilities. Finally, three aspects will be presented that the State must replicate in its health proposals to guarantee the construction of an intercultural approach to health, appropriate to the basic needs of Mapuce women in Argentina.

Estudio etnobotánico con estudiantes de grado 5° de la escuela rural mixta el Colorado, del resguardo indígena de Cohetando, Páez, Cauca / Ethnobotanical study with students of 5th grade of the mixed rural school el Colorado, of the indigenous Resguardo of Cohetando, Páez, Cauca

RESUMEN Uno de los desafíos más complejos que enfrenta la escuela es la articulación de los saberes culturales con los currículos escolares. De esta manera, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo reconocer la flora útil, las categorías etnobotánicas y de estimar si existe una diferencia entre las especies utilizadas, según su origen (silvestre o cultivado), en estudiantes de Grado 5° de la Escuela Rural Mixta El Colorado, del Resguardo Indígena de Cohetando, municipio de Páez, Cauca. El proceso metodológico se realizó bajo un enfoque mixto; lo cualitativo, desde el método etnográfico, haciendo uso de técnicas, como la observación participante, recorridos etnobotánicos y entrevista semiestructuradas; lo cuantitativo, se llevó a cabo a partir de un análisis multivariado, utilizando el índice de Jaccard, para estimar la similitud entre las categorías etnobotánicas; asimismo, se realizó un análisis de varianza (ANOVA), para estimar si existe diferencias significativas entre el origen de las especies. A partir de lo anterior, los estudiantes reportaron 81 especies de plantas útiles, agrupadas en seis categorías etnobotánicas, siendo ornamentación y medicinal y alimenticia, las más relevantes, por número de especies. En cuanto al origen, se encontró una diferencia significativa, en cuanto al mayor número de usos para las especies cultivadas, respecto a las silvestres. Finalmente, se evidencia el alto grado de conocimiento que tienen los estudiantes sobre la flora, así como la importancia para su Resguardo Indígena, como un símbolo de resistencia, que permite salvaguardar la memoria histórica.

ABSTRACT One of the most complex challenges faced in the school is the articulation of cultural knowledge with school curricula. Thus, this research aimed to recognize the useful flora, the ethnobotanical categories, and to estimate if there is a difference between species according to their origin (wild and/or cultivated) according to the knowledge constructed by the 5th grade students of the Mixed Rural School El Colorado, of the Indigenous Resguardo of Cohetando, municipality of Páez, Cauca. The methodological process was carried out under a mixed approach, the qualitative from the ethnographic method, making use of techniques such as participant observation, ethnobotanical tours and semi-structured interviews. The quantitative part was carried out from a multivariate analysis, using Jaccard's index to estimate the similarity between the ethnobotanical categories; likewise, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to estimate if there are significant differences between the origin of the species and the origin of the species. From the above, students reported 81 useful plants grouped into six ethnobotanical categories, being ornamentation, and medicinal and food the most relevant by number of species. In terms of origin, a significant difference was found for the cultivated category with respect to the wild category. Finally, the high degree of knowledge that the students have about the useful flora is evident, as well as the importance for their Indigenous Reservation as a symbol of resistance that allows safeguarding the historical memory.

The Role of Intercultural Education in a Bachelor of Education Program at Nelson Mandela University in South Africa.

People of diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds are now more than ever interacting with one another in work and social situations, mainly remotely during the midst of the pandemic. Intercultural education can prepare student teachers with the tools they need to interact effectively in a variety of intercultural situations with their colleagues, their principles and their students. In Bachelor of Education programs, providing student teachers with the skills, knowledge, and attitudes to be able to interact with individuals of different backgrounds and bring out the best in their students is essential. The aim of this narrative study was to understand the role of intercultural education in a Bachelor of Education program and to understand how and if intercultural education principles were implemented. Five student teachers were interviewed to determine how they perceived the role of intercultural education in the Bachelor of Education Program and what their understanding of this concept was. The themes that emerged from the findings were intercultural education was perceived as: (1) Awareness of the diversity of the students' backgrounds and (2) Engaging in practical activities and (3) Principles of intercultural education were embedded in some course modules but were not practical, (4) Challenges and (5) Suggestions. Overall, it was found that principles of intercultural education were implemented in the Bachelor of Education program to an extent, but the student teachers felt there was room for more focused activities specifically related to intercultural education.

Representaciones sociales sobre la migración haitiana en la escuela chilena / Social representations of Haitian migration in Chilean schools / Representações sociais sobre a migração haitiana na escola chilena

Resumen (analítico) Se parte de la siguiente pregunta: ¿cómo representan las y los escolares chilenos de educación básica de una escuela pública de Santiago a sus compañeras y compañeros migrantes haitianos? Se utiliza un enfoque cuantitativo que recurre a la encuesta como instrumento fundamental de estudio. Las variables examinadas son el género y el nivel escolar según la edad del estudiantado, dando como resultado, por un lado, que las estudiantes de género femenino y quienes cursan de 1º a 4º año básico tienden a representar socialmente al estudiantado haitiano de modo positivo y, por otro lado, que los estudiantes de género masculino y quienes cursan de 5º a 8º año básico tienden a generar representaciones prejuiciosas y desestimadas de las y los migrantes.

Abstract (analytical) This research begins with the following question: How do Chilean school children in a public primary school in Santiago represent their Haitian migrant classmates? A quantitative approach was with a survey selected as the main data collection tool. The variables included gender and year level. The results show that female students and those aged between 6 and 9 tend to socially represent Haitian students in an evaluative manner while male students and those aged between 10 and 15 tend to generate prejudiced and dismissive representations of migrants.

Resumo (analítico) O artigo parte da seguinte pergunta: Como os escolares chilenos do ensino básico de uma escola pública de Santiago representam seus companheiros migrantes haitianos? É utilizada uma abordagem quantitativa que utiliza a pesquisa como um instrumento de estudo fundamental. As variáveis examinadas são gênero e nível escolar de acordo com a idade do corpo discente, resultando, por um lado, que estudantes do sexo feminino e entre 6 e 9 anos tendem a representar socialmente os alunos haitianos de forma avaliativa e, por outro lado, que estudantes do sexo masculino e entre 10 e 15 anos tendem a gerar representações preconceituosas e subestimadas dos migrantes.

Transformative, interdisciplinary and intercultural learning for developing HEI students' sustainability-oriented competences: a case study.

The literature has produced relevant theoretical insights into pedagogical frameworks, tools and competences that would be best suited to teach sustainability at higher education (HE). This article contributes to such a discussion using a course on sustainability developed by us as a case study. Two research questions are tackled in this article: (1) How to empower students to address urban sustainability challenges through the inclusion of transformative, interdisciplinary and intercultural learning into the current HE system? (2) Which pedagogical tools can be used to develop students' sustainability-oriented competences? To address the research questions, the case study consists of two parts. First, by reflecting on the course design, this article aims to shed light on the benefits and challenges of transformative pedagogy and of an interdisciplinary and intercultural framework. Second, by analyzing students' learning diaries (N = 36) using thematic analysis, this article offers insights into some of the students' learning process, allowing us to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the course design as well as draw implications to improve and renew courses on sustainability in HE. The findings from the learning diaries indicate the students' thirst for formal knowledge on sustainability, which they connected to their professional development and yearning for action. The learning diaries also suggest students' increasing awareness of sustainability as a systemic and structural issue during the course, which aligns with the transformative learning framework used. Finally, this study emphasizes the need for structural support to meaningfully integrate sustainability in HE curricula and teaching practices.

Perception of School Violence: Indicators of Normalization in Mapuche and Non-Mapuche Students.

The current social and political scenario in Chile has opened up the debate on two centuries of usurpation and discrimination towards the Mapuche people. Educational centers are not oblivious to the social exclusion faced by indigenous children and young people, and this forms part of the phenomenon of school violence. This study explores the differences in perception between Mapuche and non-Mapuche students regarding school violence. The issue is the lack of knowledge regarding cultural variations in the perception of school violence in spaces of social and cultural diversity in the Mapuche context. This study describes the characteristics of school violence perceived by students in relation to differences based on ancestry and characterizes the variations in perception. A total of 1404 students participated from urban schools in the city of Temuco, Chile, aged 10 to 13 (M = 11.4; SD = 1.1) who completed the CENVI questionnaire. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the total sample and categories provides indexes that fit the proposed model. The omega coefficients provide internal reliability guarantees. This study tests configural, metric and scalar invariance for all the categories explored, and statistically significant differences are found between Mapuche and non-Mapuche students in the perception of physical and verbal violence, where the Mapuche student perceives more violence. Results are discussed based on existing research on education in spaces of social and cultural diversity in the Mapuche context, with research into elements that can help explain the findings.

Niñez migrante en Chile: metasíntesis de experiencias educativas con enfoque de derechos / Migrant children in Chile: Metasynthesis of educational experiences using a rights-based approach / Crianças migrantes no Chile: Metas-síntese de experiências educacionais com enfoque de direitos

Resumen (analítico) Este artículo presenta el resultado de una metasíntesis cualitativa de experiencias educativas de la niñez migrante en Chile, realizada a partir del análisis de los principales estándares de cumplimiento de los derechos de los niños y niñas, específicamente de los principios derivados del derecho a la educación. Durante septiembre de 2019 se realizó una revisión sistemática de artículos en las bases de datos Ebscohost, SciELO, Dialnet y Redalyc, principalmente. Se incluyeron artículos originales derivados de investigaciones realizadas en Chile sobre niñez migrante y educación. Los resultados indican que, si bien los principios de acceso y disponibilidad están más bien resueltos en materia de educación, los desafíos radican en fortalecer procesos de inclusión educativa desde una perspectiva intercultural.

Abstract (analytical) This article presents a study based on a qualitative metasynthesis of educational experiences of migrant children in Chile using a children's rights perspective based on compliance with these rights, specifically the right to education. A systematic review of articles was carried out in September 2019 using the EBSCOhost, SciELO, Dialnet and Redalyc databases. This literature review focused on original articles describing research in on migrant children and education in Chile. The results indicate that although the principles of access and availability are considered an educational issue, challenges involve strengthening educational inclusion processes using an intercultural perspective.

Resumo (analítico) Este artigo apresenta um estudo baseado em uma metassíntese qualitativa de experiências educacionais de crianças migrantes no Chile sob uma perspectiva de direitos, com base nos principais padrões de cumprimento dos direitos das crianças, especificamente nos princípios derivados da lei para a educação. Uma revisão sistemática dos artigos foi realizada em setembro de 2019 nas bases de dados EBSCOhost, SciELO, Dialnet e Redalyc, principalmente artigos originais derivados de pesquisas realizadas no Chile sobre crianças e educação migrantes. Os resultados indicam que, embora os princípios de acesso e disponibilidade sejam bastante resolvidos na educação, os desafios estão no fortalecimento dos processos de inclusão educacional a partir de uma perspectiva intercultural.

A Critique of New Zealand's Exclusive Approach to Intercultural Education.

This article examines the intercultural initiatives, programmes and strategy documents in New Zealand education to answer the following two questions: What intercultural policies and strategy documents are offered to New Zealand schools and teachers to accommodate their diverse communities? Which communities do they include and/or exclude? It explores and discusses paradigms, policies and curriculum developments that have been developed to address the growing levels of diversity in New Zealand's schools and identifies some of the current significant gaps. This article argues that within the dominant Anglo-European framework, there are increasing intercultural initiatives supporting Maori and Pasifika communities within New Zealand schools but there are very limited policies and initiatives addressing the wider diverse communities. I argue that policies and initiatives should be all-encompassing, comprehensive and inclusive; that is, they must fairly encompass all members of the society and not be limited solely to specific groups. Moreover, the current policy statements are implemented in an ad hoc manner i.e. they are not supported through the systematic resource banks, leadership, teacher education and training and enabling strategies required to create societies that are more inclusive, with respectful intercultural relations. This article will be of interest to policy makers at a national level, those who work in schools and centres, and teacher educators who have a concern for the inclusion of ethnocultural minorities and intercultural education.

La actuación profesional de los docentes universitarios y su preparación para la educación intercultural / Professional action of university teachers and preparation for intercultural education

RESUMEN Fundamento: La práctica de la educación intercultural en Cuba es un campo disciplinar que demanda mayor preparación en el modo de actuación profesional de los docentes universitarios. Objetivo: Construir un programa de preparación, centrado en la solución de conflictos, para perfeccionar el modo de actuación profesional de los docentes universitarios para la educación intercultural. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación en la Universidad de Sancti Spíritus José Martí Pérez, en la que se utilizó la metodología cualitativa basada en el estudio de caso del modo de actuación profesional de los docentes para la educación intercultural. Resultados: El diagnóstico pedagógico integral no se tuvo en cuenta para la identificación y solución de los conflictos interculturales, dependiendo del estatus de igualdad grupal alcanzado. La preparación en educación intercultural, centrada en la solución de conflictos, demostró la efectividad de trabajar en correspondencia al sistema de acciones propias de la dirección del proceso pedagógico. Conclusiones: El programa de preparación permitió reconocer la validez de la experiencia pedagógica practicada, así como la pertinencia de otras perspectivas foráneas compatibles y el manejo conceptual de los principios y competencias para la educación intercultural.

ABSTRACT Background: The practice of intercultural education in Cuba is a disciplinary field that requires greater preparation in the professional way of acting of university teachers. Objective: To build a preparation program, focused on conflicts resolution, to improve the professional performance of university teachers for intercultural education. Methodology: An investigation was carried out at the University of Sancti Spíritus José Martí Pérez, using the qualitative methodology based on the case study of the professional performance of teachers for intercultural education. Results: The comprehensive pedagogical diagnosis was not taken into account for the identification and solution of intercultural conflicts, depending on the group equality status achieved. The preparation in intercultural education, focused on conflict resolution, demonstrated the effectiveness of working in correspondence with the system of actions proper to the direction of the pedagogical process. Conclusions: The preparation program allowed to recognize the validity of the pedagogical experience practiced, as well as the relevance of other compatible foreign perspectives and the conceptual handling of the principles and competences for intercultural education.

La actuación profesional de los docentes universitarios y su preparación para la educación intercultural / Professional action of university teachers and preparation for intercultural education

RESUMEN Fundamento: La práctica de la educación intercultural en Cuba es un campo disciplinar que demanda mayor preparación en el modo de actuación profesional de los docentes universitarios. Objetivo: Construir un programa de preparación, centrado en la solución de conflictos, para perfeccionar el modo de actuación profesional de los docentes universitarios para la educación intercultural. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación en la Universidad de Sancti Spíritus José Martí Pérez, en la que se utilizó la metodología cualitativa basada en el estudio de caso del modo de actuación profesional de los docentes para la educación intercultural. Resultados: El diagnóstico pedagógico integral no se tuvo en cuenta para la identificación y solución de los conflictos interculturales, dependiendo del estatus de igualdad grupal alcanzado. La preparación en educación intercultural, centrada en la solución de conflictos, demostró la efectividad de trabajar en correspondencia al sistema de acciones propias de la dirección del proceso pedagógico. Conclusiones: El programa de preparación permitió reconocer la validez de la experiencia pedagógica practicada, así como la pertinencia de otras perspectivas foráneas compatibles y el manejo conceptual de los principios y competencias para la educación intercultural.

ABSTRACT Background: The practice of intercultural education in Cuba is a disciplinary field that requires greater preparation in the professional way of acting of university teachers. Objective: To build a preparation program, focused on conflicts resolution, to improve the professional performance of university teachers for intercultural education. Methodology: An investigation was carried out at the University of Sancti Spíritus José Martí Pérez, using the qualitative methodology based on the case study of the professional performance of teachers for intercultural education. Results: The comprehensive pedagogical diagnosis was not taken into account for the identification and solution of intercultural conflicts, depending on the group equality status achieved. The preparation in intercultural education, focused on conflict resolution, demonstrated the effectiveness of working in correspondence with the system of actions proper to the direction of the pedagogical process. Conclusions: The preparation program allowed to recognize the validity of the pedagogical experience practiced, as well as the relevance of other compatible foreign perspectives and the conceptual handling of the principles and competences for intercultural education.

Thinking about a popular education in sciences? / Penser léducation populaire en sciences? / Pensando uma educação popular em ciências? / Pensando una educación popular en ¿ciencias?

Abstract In this article we reflect on Education in Natural Sciences, from our educational experiences with teachers in the public system, social movements and political organizations. These experiences serve as a base from which we can glimpse new paths, in a dialogue with a diversity of theoretical references from different disciplines and areas. We intend to continue thinking about a critical pedagogy in the natural and technological worlds with the objective of strengthening processes of social transformation.

Résumé Cet article aborde l'Éducation en sciences à partir de nos expériences éducatives auprès des professeurs de l'enseignement public, des mouvements sociaux et d'organisations politiques. Ces expériences nous ont servi de base pour déceler, en dialogue avec une diversité de références théoriques issues de différentes disciplines et d'espaces disctincts.de nouvelles voies de travail. Nous avons essayé de penser toujours à une pédagogie critique concernant les mondes sociaux, naturels et technologiques dont l'objectif est de renforcer les processus de transformation sociale.

Resumo Neste artigo refletimos sobre a Educação em Ciências a partir das nossas experiências educativas com professores do sistema público, movimentos sociais e organizações políticas. Essas experiências representam uma base da qual vislumbramos novos caminhos, ao dialogar com uma diversidade de referências teóricas de diferentes disciplinas e espaços. Tentamos continuar pensando em uma pedagogia crítica sobre os mundos sociais, naturais e tecnológicos cujo objetivo seja o fortalecimento de processos de transformação social.

Resumen En este artículo reflexionamos sobre la Educación en Ciencias a partir de nuestras experiencias educativas junto con docentes en el sistema público, movimientos sociales y organizaciones políticas. Estas experiencias nos sirven de suelo desde donde vislumbrar nuevos caminos en diálogo con una diversidad de referencias teóricas de distintas disciplinas y espacios. Buscamos seguir pensando una pedagogía crítica sobre los mundos sociales, naturales y tecnológicos que tenga como objetivo el fortalecimiento de procesos de transformación social.

Transposición didáctica de saberes culturales mapuche en escuelas situadas en contextos interculturales / Didactic transposition of Mapuche cultural knowledge in schools located in intercultural contexts / Transposição didáctica do conhecimento cultural mapuche em escolas localizadas em contextos interculturais

Resumen (descriptivo): La presente revisión del tema es de carácter descriptivo, con la cual buscamos discutir sobre la transposición didáctica de los saberes culturales mapuche que realizan los profesores y profesoras en contextos interculturales. Para llevar a cabo la revisión teórica, utilizamos las fuentes y bases de datos WOS, Thomson Reuters, SciELO, Scopus, Eric, Redalyc, Dianlet, Doaj y OEI, además de libros especializados en el tema. La revisión evidencia que los sujetos docentes requieren conocimientos pedagógicos para romper con la hegemonía de la enseñanza cultural occidental. Por lo tanto, es necesaria la utilización de procesos de transposición didáctica contextualizados, para movilizar la enseñanza de saberes científicos occidentales y saberes culturales mapuche. Esto, con el fin de favorecer la mejora continua de los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje y la convivencia social de los individuos estudiantes mapuches y no mapuches en contextos interculturales.

Abstract (descriptive): The present review of the topic is of a descriptive nature, which seeks to discuss the didactic transposition of Mapuche cultural knowledge carried out by teachers in intercultural contexts. To carry out the theoretical review, the sources and databases used were WOS, Thomson Reuters, SciELO, Scopus, Eric, Redalyc, Dianlet, Doaj and OEI, in addition to specialized books on the subject. The review shows that teachers require pedagogical knowledge to break with the hegemony of Western cultural education. Therefore, it is necessary to use contextualized didactic transposition processes to mobilize the teaching of Western scientific knowledge and Mapuche cultural knowledge. This, in order to favor the continuous improvement of the teaching-learning processes and the social coexistence of Mapuche and non-Mapuche students in intercultural contexts.

Resumo (descritivo): A presente revisão do tema é de natureza descritiva, que busca discutir a transposição didática do conhecimento cultural mapuche realizado por professores em contextos interculturales. Para realizar a revisão teórica, as fontes e bases de dados foram utilizadas WOS, Thomson Reuters, SciELO, Scopus, Eric, Redalyc, Dianlet, Doaj e OEI, além de livros especializados sobre o assunto. A revisão mostra que os professores precisam de conhecimento pedagógico para romper com a hegemonia da educação cultural ocidental. Portanto, o uso de processos contextualizados de transposição didática é necessário para mobilizar o ensino do conhecimento científico ocidental e do conhecimento cultural mapuche. Isto, a fim de favorecer a melhoria contínua dos processos de ensino-aprendizagem e a coexistência social dos estudantes mapuche e não mapuches em contextos interculturais.

Diversidad Sorda: educación y sensibilidad intercultural en una escuela especial de Santiago de Chile / Deaf Diversity: intercultural sensitivity education of a special school in Santiago of Chile

RESUMEN La finalidad del presente artículo consiste en describir los componentes de educación y sensibilidad intercultural que se evidencian en la práctica docente con el estudiante sordo en la escuela especial. Se destaca el principio sobre estudiantes sordos estipulado en el documento de la UNESCO (2006) en pro de los aprendizajes en educación, que debe asumir los deberes y derechos inherentes al sujeto sordo en su particularidad lingüística: "La educación intercultural respeta la identidad cultural del educando impartiendo a todos una educación de calidad que se adecúe y adapte a su cultura". De acuerdo con ello, los principios de educación intercultural deben construirse considerando que: I) Se respete la identidad cultural del educando impartiendo a todos [as] una educación de calidad que se adecúe y se adapte a su cultura; II) Se enseñe a cada educando los conocimientos, las actitudes y las competencias culturales necesarias para que pueda participar plena y activamente en la sociedad; III) La elaboración de programas propios de estudio. Esto exige que la institución promueva el acercamiento a la asociación y a la comunidad sorda, para que los estudiantes la conozcan e interactúen en etapas tempranas y así propendan hacia la negociación simétrica de las culturas para reconocer a un Otro diverso en las prácticas docentes del aula.

Abstract This paper aims to describe the components on intercultural sensitivity education, evident in teaching process to deaf learners of a "special school". To respect deaf learners' cultural identity through high quality education adapted to their culture, is the principle of this intercultural education, as per (UNESCO, 2006) for Deaf students, in favor of learning-education, which must assume duties and rights related to their linguistic features, inherent to the deaf learner. Intercultural education principles are based on I) To respect deaf learner cultural identity, not only giving them a high-quality education but also adapted to their culture. II) To teach deaf learners: necessary knowledge, attitudes and cultural skills to participate fully and actively in society. III) To develop study programs by the special school; these programs include : as a contribution, a theoretical revision, based on the construction of sensibility patterns to develop the intercultural education principles actively. Also, it implies that the "special school" must promotes the approaching to the association and the Deaf community, so that means, the students are able to know it and interact with other deaf student in early stages in order to recognize a diverse Other, tending towards the symmetrical negotiation of the cultures in teaching practices, conducted through communicative process in the classroom.

Transformative elements of intercultural education for Japanese nursing students.

There has been little research exploring Japanese nursing students' experiences of having Western instructors in their nursing programs. The purpose of the present study was to describe Japanese nursing students' lived experiences of being taught by foreign faculty. A qualitative design using an interpretive phenomenology approach was used with purposeful sampling. Graduate and undergraduate nursing students (n = 13), who had the experience of being taught by a foreign faculty member for at least one semester, were recruited. Six themes emerged that suggested the participants went through an evolutionary process as they worked to understand and make meaning of these intercultural experiences: struggling with uncertainty, working to understand, discovering differences in teaching styles, opening my eyes to the world, thinking differently now, and wanting to know more. The work students must do to understand foreign teachers influences what they are able to learn, and must be taken into consideration by both faculty and students. To fully realize meaningful teaching outcomes within this intercultural context, it is essential that students have sustained exposure to foreign faculty.